Flexible and Cellulose-based Organic Electronics
نویسنده
چکیده
Organic electronics is the study of organic materials with electronic functionality and the applications of such materials. In the 1970s, the discovery that polymers can be made electrically conductive led to an explosion within this field which has continued to grow year by year. One of the attractive features of organic electronic materials is their inherent mechanical flexibility, which has led to the development of numerous flexible electronics technologies such as organic light emitting diodes and solar cells on flexible substrates. The possibility to produce electronics on flexible substrates like plastic or paper has also had a large impact on the field of printed, electronics where inks with electronic functionality are used for large area fabrication of electronic devices using classical printing methods, such as screen printing, inkjet printing and flexography. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of cellulose in organic and printed electronics, not only as a paper substrate but also as a component in composite materials where the cellulose provides mechanical strength and favorable 3D-microstructures. Nanofibrillated cellulose is composed of cellulose fibers with high aspect-ratio and diameters in the nanometer range. Due to its remarkable mechanical strength, large area-to-volume ratio, optical transparency and solution processability it has been widely used as a scaffold or binder for electronically active materials in applications such as batteries, supercapacitors and optoelectronics. The focus of this thesis is on flexible devices based on conductive polymers and can be divided into two parts: (1) Composite materials of nanofibrillated cellulose and the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS and (2) patterning of vapor phase polymerized conductive polymers. In the first part, it is demonstrated how the combination of cellulose and conductive polymers can be used to make electronic materials of various form factors and functionality. Thick, freestanding and flexible “papers” are used to realize electrochemical devices such as transistors and supercapacitors while lightweight, porous and elastic aerogels are used for sensor applications. The second focus of the thesis is on a novel method of patterning conductive polymers produced by vapor phase polymerization using UV-light. This method is used to realize flexible electrochromic smart windows with highresolution images and tunable optical contrast. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Organisk elektronik är studien av organiska material med elektronisk funktionalitet samt applikationer av sådana material. Upptäckten att polymerer kan göras elektriskt ledande på 1970-talet ledde till ett uppsving inom detta forskningsfält som har fortsatt att växa sedan dess. En av de attraktiva egenskaperna hos organiska material med elektronisk funktionalitet är deras naturliga mekaniska flexibilitet vilket har resulterat i många applikationer inom flexibel elektronik så som organiska ljus-emitterande dioder (OLED) och organiska solceller på flexibla substrat. Möjligheten att producera elektronik på flexibla substrat så som plast eller papper har också haft en stor inverkan på forskningsfältet ”tryckt elektronik”, där elektroniskt funktionaliserade bläck används för storskalig produktion av elektroniska komponenter och kretsar med hjälp av vanliga tryckmetoder så som serigrafi, bläckstråleskrivare och flexografi. De senaste åren har det visats ett ökat intresse för att använda cellulosa inom organisk och tryckt elektronik, inte bara som ett papperssubstrat, utan också som en komponent i kompositmaterial där cellulosan bidrar med mekanisk styrka och en fördelaktig 3D-mikrostruktur. Nanofibrillär cellulosa är cellulosafiber med diameter i nanometerskala och en längd på flera mikrometer. Tack vare dess fantastiska mekaniska styrka, stora specifika area, optiska transparens och processbarhet i lösningsform så har den använts i applikationer så som batterier, superkondensatorer och optoelektronik. Denna avhandling fokuserar på flexibel elektronik baserad på elektriskt ledande polymerer och kan delas in i två delar: (1) Kompositmaterial av nanofibrillär cellulosa och den ledande polymeren PEDOT:PSS och (2) mönstring av ledande polymerer producerade med metoden ”vapor phase polymerization”. I avhandlingens första fokus demonstreras det hur kombinationen av cellulosa och ledande polymerer kan användas för att producera material av olika former, strukturer och storlekar samt olika funktionaliteter. Tjocka, självupphållande och flexibla ”pappersark” användes för att konstruera elektrokemiska komponenter så som transistorer och superkondensatorer medan lättviktiga, porösa och elastiska ”aerogels” användes för sensorapplikationer. Det andra fokuset i avhandlingen handlar om en nyutvecklad mönstringsmetod för elektriskt ledande polymerer som producerats via ”vapor phase polymerization” med hjälp av UV-ljus. Denna metod användes för att tillverka flexibla elektrokroma smarta fönster med hög upplösning och elektroniskt justerbar optisk kontrast.
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